By delivering cutting-edge performance and mechanistic insight, this study represents an important step in lead-free PIM optoelectronics toward self-powered, ubiquitous light sensing. Detailed characterization reveals that such a performance boost originates from the superior carrier lifetimes and reduced exciton self-trapping enabled by the two-dimensional structure. The two-dimensional absorbers deliver cutting-edge self-powered photodetector performance, with a more-than-tenfold increase in EQE (up to 55%), speed of response (> 5 kHz), and linear dynamic range (> four orders of magnitude) compared to prior self-powered A3M2X9 implementations (A+: monovalent cation M3+: Sb3+/Bi3+ X–: halide anion).
CHALLENGE PECUNIA FULL
Aiming to realize the full potential of antimony-based PIMs, this study examines, for the first time, the impact of their structural dimensionality on their self-powered photodetection capabilities, with a focus on two-dimensional Cs3Sb2I9-xClx and Rb3Sb2I9 and zero-dimensional Cs3Sb2I9. Antimony- and bismuth-based PIMs have been found particularly promising however, their self-powered photodetector performance to date has lagged behind the lead-based counterparts. While solution-processable lead-halide perovskites have raised significant hopes in this regard, toxicity concerns have prompted the search for safer, lead-free perovskite-inspired materials (PIMs) with similar optoelectronic potential. The ongoing Internet of Things revolution has led to strong demand for low-cost, ubiquitous light sensing based on easy-to-fabricate, self-powered photodetectors.
The authors hope that the insights provided herein might accelerate the development of eco-friendly and stable perovskite-inspired materials for next-generation photovoltaics and optoelectronics. This manuscript surveys the growing research on copper/silver pnictohalides, highlighting their composition-structure-property relationships and the status and prospects of the photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices based thereon. Such versatility parallels the wide range of possible compositions and synthetic routes, which enable various structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties. for photodetection, ionization radiation detection, memristors, and chemical sensors. Furthermore, copper/silver pnictohalides are being investigated for applications beyond photovoltaics, e.g. This family of materials forms three-dimensional structures with much higher solar cell efficiencies and greater potential for indoor photovoltaics than the lower-dimensional bismuth/antimony-based perovskite-inspired semiconductors. Of particular interest are the group IB-group VA halide compositions with a generic formula AxByXx+3y (A+ = Cu+/Ag+ B3+ = Bi3+/Sb3+ X- = I-/Br-), i.e., copper/silver pnictohalides and derivatives thereof. By examining emerging avenues for eco-friendly IPV, timely insight is provided into promising directions toward IPV that can sustainably power the IoT revolution.In the wake of lead-halide perovskite research, bismuth- and antimony-based perovskite-inspired semiconducting materials are attracting increasing attention as safer and potentially more robust alternatives to the lead-based archetypes. Finally, IPV based on emerging lead-free perovskite-inspired absorbers are examined, highlighting their status and prospects for low-cost, durable, and efficient energy harvesting that is not harmful to the end user and environment.
A range of IPV technologies-both incumbent and emerging-developed to date is discussed, with an emphasis on their environmental sustainability.
For IPV to provide an eco-friendly route to powering IoT devices, it is crucial that its underlying materials and fabrication processes are low-toxicity and not harmful to the environment over the product life cycle. It then discusses how indoor photovoltaics (IPV) constitutes an attractive energy harvesting solution, given its deployability, reliability, and power density. This Progress Report discusses how energy harvesting can address this challenge.
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However, the ongoing exponential growth of the IoT device ecosystem-up to tens of billions of units to date-poses a challenge regarding how to power such devices. The Internet of Things (IoT) provides everyday objects and environments with “intelligence” and data connectivity to improve quality of life and the efficiency of a wide range of human activities.
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